CNC machine design and manufacture for laser drawing and engraving

In recent years, the integration of digital fabrication technologies has enabled the development of compact and cost-effective CNC laser engraving machines for small-scale applications. The present study aims to design and construct a two-axis CNC engraving system driven by an Arduino-based GRBL control platform. The proposed machine combines mechanical, electrical, and software components to achieve accurate and repeatable engraving on materials such as wood, leather, and linoleum. The methodology involves mechanical frame design, selection of stepper motors and linear motion systems, laser module integration, and GRBL firmware configuration for motion control. Experimental tests were carried out to evaluate engraving precision, operating stability, and cost efficiency. "Experimental tests confirmed that the prototype achieves consistent engraving quality with a positional error not exceeding 0.2 mm, demonstrating its operational reliability for educational and small manufacturing environments. The system provides a low-cost and open-source alternative to conventional industrial engraving machines, promoting accessibility and innovation in digital manufacturing.