The application of the 3 + 1 Cs model to client–trainer relationships in physical activity settings: implications for practitioners

Low client retention is a perennial problem for exercise on prescription schemes and in the fitness industry more generally. The client–trainer relationship (CTR) is potentially an important factor in all personal training contexts which could have a significant impact on client retention, achievement and satisfaction (Vinson and Parker, 2012, Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 4, 15–31), yet it has been largely ignored in empirical research.