Vulnerability and risk in Cumbria: what criminological research tells us about local issues and their impact

Executive summary: Cumbria is a region characterized by contrasts, featuring affluent tourist areas alongside pockets of deprivation. It is sparsely populated, encompassing diverse settings including rural, coastal, urban, and de-industrialized areas. Despite its relatively low crime rate, crime remains a concern due to its persistent impact on vulnerable communities and groups. Recent administrative changes have divided Cumbria into two unitary authorities, Cumberland and Westmorland & Furness, potentially complicating service provision and exacerbating vulnerabilities. Understanding the relationship between vulnerability, risk, and crime is essential for developing effective community safety strategies. The case studies in this report examine the difficulties faced by at-risk youth in accessing services, the risks associated with digital behaviours among young people, the stigmatization of HIV-positive residents, the phenomenon of deaths of despair among individuals with addictions, and the impact of rurality on victims of domestic violence. The case studies underscore the importance of addressing systemic issues to enhance community safety and resilience in Cumbria.